Facteurs associés à une fibrose hépatique sévère à l’échographie chez des patients atteints d’hépatite virale B et C chronique à Yaoundé (Cameroun).
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55715/jaim.v18i1.891Abstract
Background. Hepatic fibrosis is a major complication of chronic viral hepatitis. Early assessment is essential to prevent progression to cirrhosis. Although liver elastography is currently the non-invasive reference method for evaluating fibrosis severity, its cost and limited availability restrict its use in low-resource settings. Conventional ultrasound, which is widely available and inexpensive, could represent a useful alternative if certain sonographic features can reliably predict advanced fibrosis. Objective. To identify ultrasound features predictive of severe hepatic fibrosis, as assessed by elastography, in patients with chronic hepatitis B or C infection. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from January to July 2020 in the Department of Medical Imaging at the Centre Médical la Cathédrale (Yaoundé, Cameroon). Patients with chronic viral hepatitis who underwent both standard hepatic ultrasound and elastography were included. Sonographic parameters evaluated included liver surface contour, parenchymal echotexture, and right hepatic lobe span. The positive predictive value (PPV) of each feature, and of their combinations, for predicting severe fibrosis was calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results. A total of 45 patients were included, with a median age of 39 years [IQR: 34.5–48], and most were infected with hepatitis B virus (77.8%). The prevalence of severe fibrosis was 13.3%. Irregular liver surface contour was the ultrasound feature most strongly associated with severe fibrosis, with a PPV of 60% (95% CI [23.8–87.8]). A right hepatic lobe span >150 mm and heterogeneous echotexture showed lower PPVs of 30% (95% CI [13.1–54.9]) and 28.6% (95% CI [9.0–61.8]), respectively. The combination of irregular contours and a right hepatic span >150 mm slightly improved the PPV to 66.7% (95% CI [17.5–95.9]), without further improvement when other parameters were added. Conclusion. Standard ultrasound, particularly the combination of irregular liver surface contours and a right hepatic lobe span >150 mm, may serve as an initial screening tool for severe fibrosis in resource-limited settings. However, its limited specificity warrants confirmation by elastography or biopsy. Multicenter studies with larger samples and standardized imaging protocols are needed to improve diagnostic accuracy.
RÉSUMÉ
Contexte. La fibrose hépatique est une complication majeure des hépatites virales chroniques. Son évaluation précoce est essentielle pour prévenir la progression vers la cirrhose. L’élastométrie hépatique constitue la méthode non invasive de référence, mais son coût et sa disponibilité limitent son utilisation dans les pays à ressources restreintes. L’échographie standard, accessible et peu onéreuse, pourrait représenter une alternative si certains signes échographiques permettaient de prédire la fibrose sévère avec une fiabilité acceptable. Objectif. Identifier les signes échographiques prédictifs d’une fibrose hépatique sévère évaluée par élastométrie chez des patients porteurs d’hépatite virale B ou C. Matériels et méthodes. Une étude transversale analytique a été conduite de janvier à juillet 2020 au service d’imagerie médicale du Centre Médical la Cathédrale (Yaoundé). Les patients inclus présentaient une hépatite virale chronique et avaient bénéficié d’une échographie hépatique standard et d’une élastométrie. Les paramètres étudiés incluaient les contours hépatiques, l’échostructure du parenchyme et la flèche hépatique droite. La valeur prédictive positive (VPP) de chaque signe et de leurs combinaisons pour la détection d’une fibrose sévère a été calculée avec un intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 %. Résultats. Quarante-cinq patients ont été inclus, d’âge médian 39 ans [IIQ : 34,5–48], majoritairement porteurs du virus de l’hépatite B (77,8 %). La prévalence de la fibrose sévère était de 13,3 %. L’irrégularité des contours hépatiques constituait le signe échographique le plus fortement associé à la fibrose sévère, avec une VPP de 60 % (IC 95 % [23,8–87,8]). La flèche hépatique droite > 150 mm et l’échostructure hétérogène présentaient des VPP plus faibles, respectivement de 30 % (IC 95 % [13,1–54,9]) et 28,6 % (IC 95 % [9,0–61,8]). La combinaison des contours irréguliers et d’une flèche hépatique > 150 mm améliorait légèrement la VPP à 66,7 % (IC 95 % [17,5–95,9]), sans gain supplémentaire lors de l’ajout d’autres paramètres. Conclusion. L’échographie standard, notamment l’association de contours hépatiques irréguliers et d’une flèche hépatique droite > 150 mm, peut constituer un outil de dépistage initial de la fibrose sévère dans les contextes à ressources limitées. Toutefois, sa faible spécificité impose une confirmation par élastométrie ou biopsie. Des études multicentriques incluant un échantillon plus large et une standardisation des opérateurs sont nécessaires pour améliorer la précision diagnostique.
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